Upper Memory Area (UMA)

The Upper Memory Area(UMA) the memory block from 640KB to 1024KB, is designated for hardware use, such as video RAM, BIOS.

First 128KB are called video RAM, it is reserved for video adapters, all bits used for graphics & images are stored in it.

Second 128KB is reserved for BIOS that resides in ROM chip of some adapter card.

Remaining is used by SCSI, ATA RAID, & SATA adapters with onboard BIOS chips, use a portion of this area to store their BIOS's.

The last 128KB of memory is reserved for motherboard BIOS.

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Tweezers

This tool is used tp piking up very small objects like small screws that are inconvenient to pick with human hand.

Asyncronous Communication

Asynchronous &is any data transmission that does not link the two devices with a common data clock. A Signal called a start bit is sent at the beginning of each segment, & a signal called a stop bit is sent at the end, these let the receiving device note the baundries(beginning & end) of a transmission packet. Early PC modems were almost Asynchronous devices operating at speeds of no more than 18,000 bps.

Diference between laptop & desktop computer

Most laptop processors are soldered directly in the motherboard, which means they cannot be removed. If there is some error in laptop processor, the entire motherboard needs to be replaced. Laptops processors can be slowed down when they are not running to their full capacity. The processor uses a technique called processor trotling that allows the operating system to put the processor in active sleep mode or shutdown mode. Laptop processors run at reduced clock rate than desktop processors. This helps them to produce less heat when running at full capacity. Laptop processors consume less power which though make them a slow performer but it greatly helps them to save battery life.

WorkStation Care

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